1. The kidneys help filter waste from the body. It processes a third of the blood that flows throughout the body every minute. The kidneys are located in the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. They are held in place by a layer of adipose tissue, the perirenal fat. The kidneys are bean-shaped with curves that accommodate other organs. The internal curve allows space to be dedicated to the renal artery, ureter and renal vein. These three parts enter the kidney. The renal capsule is made up of a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. This connective tissue surrounds each kidney to provide a hard shell of protection. Inside the renal capsule is the renal cortex. The renal cortex contains the renal pyramid and apices. Renal pyramids are shaped like pyramids with the base of the pyramid facing the outside of the kidney. The apices also have the shape of pyramids with the base of the pyramid facing towards the inside of the kidney. Each single apex is connected to a smaller calyx. The lesser calyx is a tube that collects urine. The minor calyx merges with three other minor calyxes to form three major calyxes. These three main calyces join to form the renal pelvis which is located in the center of the kidney.2. Glomerular capillaries are part of the first phase of urine formation. The glomerular capillaries allow blood plasma to expel into the glomerular capsule. Blood plasma is the fluid that needs to be filtered. Pertubular capillaries have several functions. Pertubular capillaries transport water and solutes through the renal veins. They also help supply blood to the secretory sites. These substances are released from the plasma into the fluid.3. The capillaries of the glomerulus are twisted and have...... half the paper ...... The individual releases urine without having the intention to urinate. Urinary retention – Urinary retention occurs when the individual is unable to empty the bladder. The individual is unable to empty the bladder completely, so there is extra urine. Diabetes insipidus – The kidneys are unable to retain water even though they are able to filter the blood. The hormone ADH is supposed to be in control of maintaining water levels; however, in this disease, water is not retained within the kidneys. Polycystic kidneys – This is a disease in which large numbers of cysts develop within the kidneys. These cysts contain water-like fluid containing urine.9. The bicarbonate buffer system is when the individual experiences acidosis. Your blood pH is less than 7.35. Carbonic acid donates protons to bicarbonate acid which accepts protons.