In the report A New Form of Social Dislocation in the Inner-City Ghetto, William Julius Wilson analyzes three research studies conducted in Chicago between 1986 and 1993. In these studies , Wilson identifies a new type of poverty, which he calls jobless poverty. Jobless poverty represents the growing number of communities that are compromised by a high percentage of unemployed individuals. These communities have the same recurring themes of isolation in inner-city ghettos where the surrounding area is abandoned, desolate, or devoid of economic opportunities and community benefits. Unlike working or unemployed poverty in high-employment neighborhoods, jobless poverty causes negative effects that lead individuals and their families to remain stuck in a continuous cycle of jobless poverty. Because of these negative effects, it is important to consider policy solutions that address this growing problem and provide opportunities for individuals to escape the cycle of jobless poverty. The most effective solutions to jobless poverty are more mixed-use developments and expanded public transportation networks. Since the 1950s, jobless poverty has been increasing. In 1950, 69% of all black males age fourteen and older living in Chicago's ghetto neighborhoods were employed (Wilson 160). In 1960, 64% of all black males age fourteen and older living in Chicago's ghetto neighborhoods were employed (Wilson 160). However, in 1990 only 37% of all black males age sixteen and older living in Chicago's ghetto neighborhoods had jobs (Wilson 160). These increases have led to disproportionately high unemployment rates in urban centers g... middle of paper... preventing access to potential jobs and positive network influences. Therefore, to solve the growing problem of jobless poverty, the government should look at developing mixed-use developments without strict zoning laws and increasing public transportation infrastructure in cities. Works Cited Burt, Ronald S. “Structural Holes.” The inequality reader: Contemporary and foundational readings in race, class, and gender. Ed. David B. Grusky and Szonja Szelenyi. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011. 597-601. Print.Wilson, William J. “Jobless Poverty.” The inequality reader: Contemporary and foundational readings in race, class, and gender. Ed. David B. Grusky and Szonja Szelenyi. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011. 159-69. Print."Zoning." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Network. November 24. 2011. .