Cyber ​​warfare refers to a massively coordinated digital attack against a government by another government or large groups of people. It is the action of a state actor to penetrate another nation's computers and networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruption. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original EssayCyber ​​warfare has become one of the most inevitable topics in any global security discussion today. It turns out that many nations are involved in covertly executing cyber operations such as reconnaissance, cyber espionage, and penetrating other nations' CNI; furthermore, establishing offensive cyber warfare capabilities, developing NCSS, and repeatedly participating in cyber attacks. The term cyber warfare can also be used to describe attacks between companies, terrorist organizations, or simply attacks by individuals called hackers, who are perceived as bellicose in their intent. One of the major challenges facing every state currently is the hybrid challenges of disinformation campaigns and malicious cyber activities. Russia is said to be challenging Euro-Atlantic security and stability through hybrid actions, including the threat and use of force to achieve its political objectives, attempts to interfere in electoral processes, and the sovereignty of NATO allies. Recently, widespread disinformation campaigns and malicious cyber activities have been conducted in Montenegro. Another recent example was a cyber attack against Ukrainian provincial electricity supply companies in 2015, which resulted in an unplanned power outage in Ukraine and affected a population of 225,000 people. Independent US analysts iSight Partners linked the spear-phishing attack to a Russian hacking group, but Russia blamed the disruptions on pro-Ukrainian saboteurs. The incident is also believed to be the first successful cyber attack targeting the CNI. In July 2016, at the Warsaw Summit, NATO committed to strengthening and developing its allies' cyber defense capabilities to be ready to defend their network and operations. against cyber attacks and increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. Furthermore, NATO formally accepted cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare and confirmed that international law applies in cyberspace. Existing customary international law separates the use of cyber warfare into 3 categories; according to the law governing the use of force between States (jus ad Bellum), according to the law of neutrality and according to the law on armed conflicts (jus in bello). Similarly, Article 5 of NATO's collective defense clause can be invoked in the event that a cyber attack meets the international legal definition of an “act of war”. However, the biggest problem in cyberspace remains the fact that current international law has not explicitly described what actions, severity of impacts, or threshold constitute a cyberattack equivalent to an armed attack in the real world. The UK Ministry of Defense's Cyber ​​Primer argues that a cyber operation may constitute an armed attack if its method, severity and intensity of force are such that its effects are the same as those achieved by an kinetic attack that would reach the level of an armed attack. However, deciding what constituted an “act of war” was more of a political decision than a legal or military one. As an international effort, in September 2011, China,.