Georges J. Ranque, a French physicist, noticed temperature differences in vortex separators. He found that the center would get cooler and the outside quite warm. After some thought, he wrote down some theories and moved on. These ideas, as well as Maxwell's thoughts on the subject, came to Rudolf Hilsch who actually began research and construction of a refrigeration system to try to beat the standard system for the German Army. After building a few prototypes and gaining a good understanding of the dimensions, he abandoned the idea as the conventional system was more efficient and less noisy. First you have the vortex chamber, this is simply where the air starts to spin. the better the design, the better the pipe will perform. for the better tube, the faster you can spin the air, the greater the temperature change. Second, the air moves down the long hot tube and the hot air separates outward, while the cold air is pushed into the center of the vortex. (inertia effects) Thirdly, the air comes to the end of the tube, and since the ball valve is slightly open, with a small opening near the wall of the hot tube, it sucks in the hot air, but, Since the pressure is too great to escape through that single opening, some of the air must bounce up and travel through the center of the vortex, and then exit through the hole in the center of the vortex chamber. The air simply wouldn't pass through there simply because in the vortex chamber the air is moving so fast that it gets squeezed against the walls of the tube and can't "pull" itself through it. If the ball valve is closed, enough pressure is created and the air simply goes out from there, since there is nowhere else to go. Since the ball valve is slightly open near the wall where the air is crushed, try to exit there first. If it fails to exit, it is forced to go back through the center of the vortex and out of the cold tube. Fourth, as the air moves back through the center of the vortex, the faster molecules are pushed back toward the edge of the tube, and the cooler ones are forced inward. Since there is too much air coming out of the hot tube, the air is forced out of the cold tube and the separation is complete. the hot air comes out from one side, the cold air from the other. High pressure compressed air enters the vortex tube through the tangential nozzle where the flow is accelerated. Due to the tangential inlet, the air has a high velocity and rotates at a very high speed. Therefore the air has a swirling or swirling motion in the vortex chamber, which subsequently spirals down the tube towards the right side (depending on the direction of the spiral). The central air core is reversed by means of a conical valve, which controls the pressure in the system. The end of the cold tube, which is formed with the vortex chamber, is equipped with a washer that has half the diameter of the tube. Washers of different diameters are also used to adjust the system. The low-temperature reversed air moves through the washer to the cold section. This produces cold air on the left side of the vortex chamber. The hot air is produced on the right side through the conical valve.