Amai- ambiguity: more than one intended meaning for Japanese words. The Japanese are generally tolerant of ambiguity. In Japanese it is normal to express oneself ambiguously and indirectly. Pg 9Geographical Determinism: Japan's geography has a great influence on the development of many of the country's cultural customs and values. People had to live close together in communities. The concept of harmony became an important factor.pg 9-10Work was shared communally to achieve high production in a limited amount of space. People had to cooperate in this type of society. Developed a “unanimity rule” so as not to go against the group's wishes. People avoided expressing their ideas clearly for fear of being excluded from the group. Japan has developed a vertical organization. Pg 10“Although this group consciousness contributed greatly to Japan's economic development, the need for strong emotional unity also led to an inability to openly criticize others.” Pg 11The conversation style...is one sided...or an inconclusive argument.pg 11Amae- depending on the benevolence of the group. The concept of amae may have been important in maintaining group solidarity, because the Japanese are a people who have emphasized group unity since ancient times. Page 17The person who insists on his opinion before the group has reached a consensus is seen as selfish and enterprising. Better not to say anything than to cause misunderstandings or problems. It is considered rude for a subordinate to speak out against a person of higher rank. Pg 53Silence therefore works as a kind of lubricating oil to create smoother communication because it can help you avoid hurting others and helps create a peaceful and harmonious environment... at the center of the card... and less concerned about i their needs, goals, norms, interests, integrity, and group consequences. They tend to view the individual self as the basic unit and a source of identity, purpose, and life goals. Those who live in collectivist cultures value their group membership, respect group processes and decisions, and expect other group members to care for or protect them. in case of need or crisis. For them, maintaining good and harmonious relationships within the group is a priority; and avoiding loss of face is important. Their identity is based on the strong and cohesive internal groups to which they belong. In collectivist cultures, cooperation is high within ingroups, but is unlikely when the other person belongs to an outgroup. For comparison, people in individualistic cultures are good at forming new ingroups and getting along with those from outgroups..