The United States is commonly believed to be on an inevitable march toward secularization. Scientific thinking and the failure of the Enlightenment to reconcile the concept of God within a scientific framework is commonly believed to have created the antithesis of religious practice in the rise of the scientific method. However, increased doubt and the perception that secularization is increasing over time has actually caused an increase in religious practice in the United States through episodic revivals. Furthermore, the practice of unbelief has developed into a movement based on the positive affirmation of the replacement of God with the foundations of science, or even outright disbelief in God. The perception of growing secularism in the United States stimulates religious revivalism which highlights the ebb and flow of religious practice in the United States and the founding of alternative movements that combine to form the reality that the United States is not marching toward secularism but rather toward religious diversity. The rise of densely populated urban spaces in the United States since the beginning of the Second Great Awakening has caused a perception of secularism and depersonalization among the public. The Second Great Awakening was brought about in part because of the need for a moral awakening based on the assumption that urban areas brought declining religious practice through temptation and access, and also as a means by which to alleviate the evils that urbanization brought with it through the rise of voluntary associations and missionary work.1 Furthermore, utopian societies gave citizens the opportunity to recreate a society free of these perceived evils and also gave rise to alternative modes of practice and expression. ...social force or perception of secularism, but in reality secularism is not the decline of faith but the decline of the influence of faith.11 The Awakenings were therefore not facing a recession in practice per se, but the perception that religious morality the social fabric was eroding. In this way the Awakenings reflected the ebb and flow of religion on a social level and gave rise to new modes of belief and practice. The rise of unbelief was a response to the unknowability of God in relation to civil war and subsequent mass death, and represented a means by which they concentrated their need for social order into a non-specific mode of worship. The Great Awakenings and the rise of unbelief in the United States do not represent a rise or fall in the practice of religion or belief in God, but the changing ways in which religion is practiced in American spaces.