These four studies evaluated the use of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a primary tool for conservation efforts. Within the study Fox identifies four components that increase the effectiveness of a marine protected area, all focused on bringing together the objectives of the governing bodies involved and those of the local populations who rely on the marine systems in question for resources. The research presented by Edgar and his team presents similar findings as it identifies five factors that have been shown to increase the success of AMPs after studying 87 different AMP locations. In addition to identifying key factors that contribute to MPA success, they also identify some factors that lead to MPA failure. Halpern's study focuses on the limitations of MPA networks and broader issues that need to be addressed for MPAs to be truly effective. Halpern and his team suggest that an EBM approach may be the best solution to address these problems. Chuenpagdee's research also highlights the challenges and issues of implementing effective MPAs. The study included an in-depth examination of four case studies focusing on the design phases of MPAs, the social issues to be taken into consideration and how the inclusion of local communities in management efforts could lead to increased network success. AMP and sustainability. The body of data presented in these studies highlights the fact that nations are increasing the number of MPAs in order to achieve international conservation goals, however, even if global area protection goals are achieved, it is clear that the success of these protected areas will strongly depend on the socio-economic issues surrounding the affected areas... middle of the document... there will be in-depth discussions regarding the surrounding socio-cultural-economic issues that could impact a protected area success before that the MPA is actually established. With the guidance of Edgar's research, future MPAs should be designed to incorporate the five key characteristics discussed and, in relation to these factors, further attention should be paid to future activities that may influence the effectiveness of an MPA, e.g. future marine uses as alternative forms of energy. This is where Halpern's suggestion to focus more on ecosystem-based management approaches may represent a possible means of doing so, as this approach addresses broader issues that will impact the world's oceans on a global scale and can help limit the effects, outside MPA boundaries, that could potentially shape and alter an MPA's ability to achieve its conservation objectives.