IndexThe origins of the movementReconstruction and oppressionJim Crow lawsWars and the great migrationConclusionThe origins of the movementRacial discrimination against blacks circulated in American society today. This type of marginalization has taken many forms throughout American history. While the civil rights movement addressed the decades-long struggle of African Americans and their desire to end this marginalization and racial discrimination. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay The black civil rights movement in the United States refers to the decades surrounding the 1960s. The movement has its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, with the adoption by American states and local governments of racially discriminatory laws (e.g., the Black Codes or Jim Crow laws), and even with their struggle to end fighting and oppression by laws and other organizations, great migration, beginning of protest.Reconstruction and OppressionThe ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 meant the end of slavery. Reconstruction was designed to bring the South back into the Union after the Civil War. Reconstruction was a success during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln proposed “the Ten Percent Plan,” which specified that the Southern states could be brought back into the union once ten percent of their voters in the 1860 presidential election took an oath of allegiance to the union . The plan also called for Southern states to abolish slavery. But after his assassination, Reconstruction took a turn for the worse with Andrew Johnson as the new president of the United States. During Andrews' presidency, things changed. Although freedmen or former slaves were granted more rights than before, their freedom was limited. Many Southerners resisted the social changes. Therefore, their rejection represented a new form of state legislation known as black codes which had some similarities to slave codes, as they tied freedmen to their employers. The Black Codes were designed to limit AA freedom. During the Reconstruction era, with the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, AAs were granted citizenship, equal protection under the law, and the right to vote. The two amendments were a constitutional victory for blacks who had faced oppression caused by those codes. However, during and after the reconstruction period, violence and fear also began. Whites of all classes turned to violence and paramilitary organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The KKK was made up of many white supremacist groups in the South. During Reconstruction, the KKK targeted several minorities, but more essentially the black community was the most important in maintaining white rule and keeping power out of the hands of Republicans seeking to change the South. Klan members used all violent means beating, torturing and killing blacks, Republican organizers were threatened with violence and it became the armed wing of the Democratic Party. Often, for no other reason than the color of their skin, mobs of KKK members would abuse, attack, and other forms of physical violence. This is a lynching. Despite the assurances of the 13th Amendment, AAs were virtually disenfranchised, for challenging segregation, for organizing workers, or even for attending schools.In the 1870s, Congress took action against the Klan and other white supremacist organizations by circumventing acts of force. The Klan disbanded and weakened. The United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875. This law was intended to bridge the gap between the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The law prohibited racial discrimination.in ( inns, public land or water transport, theaters and other places of entertainment). However, the law was rarely enforced. In 1877 former slave and abolitionist John Mercer Langston became U.S. minister to Haiti, and Frederick Douglass served as federal marshal of the District of Columbia. After 1877, the Democratic Party took power in all the Southern states. Once again the BAs witnessed multiple waves of abuse by whites who ensured to keep the black minority in an inferior position. To do so, the Southern public and government engaged in another form of racial discrimination that enforced separation between blacks and whites. The sharecropping system that kept blacks economically dependent on whites. This time it was the end of the Reconstruction era and the beginning of racial segregation. Jim Crow Laws After the Reconstruction era, Democrats took control of the Southern states. Things for black Africans and other American minorities continued to get worse. The South established a rigid caste system called “Jim Crow.” A new form of racial discrimination known as “segregation” began to triumph in American society. Jim Crow was a form of legal separation that reinforced racial segregation between the end of the Reconstruction period in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. . The laws required separate public schools, train cars and public libraries, water fountains, separate restaurants and hotels. The US Army was also segregated. Blacks were treated like second-class citizens. They were disenfranchised in the early 1900s, meaning that just to keep them away from the voting booth whites created a variety of devices like literacy tests and poll taxes. In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in a case called Plessey V. Ferguson determined that separate but equal accommodations (i.e., providing separate but equal services in public transportation, housing, education, etc.) were legalized. In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded by black professional W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and another diverse group of activists including white American Henry Moscaitz. NAACP was established to support the rights of BAs and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. It also helped launch the modern civil rights struggle of the twentieth century. During the Jim Crow era of segregation, branches of the NAACP spread throughout the states. There were more than 400 separate chapter chapters. He was faced with the struggle to gain legal status to defend black rights and achieve racial justice in the United States. One of his first legal victories was the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown V. Board of Topeka of Education to limit segregation in schools in May 1954, which led to the birth of what is known as (CRM) in the same year. Wars and Great Migrations During World War I, black industrial labor was needed due to the demise of European immigration and white workers who were drafted into the army. From 1915 to 1930, millions of Southern BAs responded to the violence by moving north, Midwest, and West..