IndexProduction methods of genetically modified foodsGenetically modified foods necessary WhyAdvantages of genetically modified foodsDisadvantages of genetically modified organismsConclusionReferencesFood is the nutrients that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb to maintain life and growth. With the enormous increase in the world's population, food production from natural resources is no longer able to satisfy their needs. Then researchers begin to produce more food using molecular-level techniques. This type of food is called genetically modified food (GMO food), the food whose genetic material has been altered and which is not already present in nature. Since GM food is made to increase nutrient content by mutation, it has many advantages for humans: increases nutritional content, pest formation, drought, herbicide, and cold-resistant plants. But at the same time it also has negative effects. It is genetically dangerous and causes organ damage and allergic reactions in the digestive tract. But its advantages are more than disadvantages, so researchers are trying their best to produce crops with the desired characteristics using molecular-level techniques. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those organisms in which genetic material has been altered that are not already present in nature, and genetically modified foods are those foods derived from animals and plants in which genes from the particular desired characteristic are added to the DNA of an organism. GMOs are used in various ways, for example in biological and medical research, drug production, experimental medicine and agriculture. With the genetic alteration method we improve dietary needs and improve their quality. We can achieve desired characteristics or goals in plants and animals (such as disease resistance, improved shelf life) more quickly than using traditional methods. As a result, ethical questions arise that describe the negative effect of the production of genetically modified foods. This demonstrates that inserting the gene of interest for desired traits into the food can be protective while increasing the expression of a gene related to chronic disease. Methods of producing genetically modified foods Several methods are known for producing GMOs from which we take food. The foreign gene that has been inserted into the cell of microorganisms, plants or animals is called a transgene. It is integrated into the genome of recipients who are called transgenics. Transgenes are genes with known traits or mutated variants of known genes. In most cases, marker genes are also used because to identify the transgenic organism the integration occurs with different methods: Electroporation Electroporation is a physical phenomenon in which tiny pores are formed in the plasma membrane of the cell by applying a sufficiently high electric field . These pores are sufficient for the transport of a wide range of molecules, such as DNA, into and out of the cell. It is a reversible and irreversible method. This occurs in the lipid bilayer of the membrane of all prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells. This method was first reported for excitable cells in 1958 and for non-excitable cells in 1967, for flat lipid bilayers in 1979, and for lipid vesicles in 1981. MicroinjectionTheMicroinjection is a physical cell transfer method in which foreign genetic material (gene of interest) is injected directly into the cell. Nowadays, we have developed micropipette-based automated quantitative microinjection technology. With this technology, the precise amount of material is fed into the cell. Numerous other microinjection systems based on robotic technology are also introduced to enable automated injection with high transfection efficiency. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation It is a biological method for transferring the gene of interest into the plant genome. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a gram-negative soil bacterium that causes disease in plants (many woody and some herbaceous plants) called "crown gall disease" through its Ti plasmid that causes plant tumors. A complex process is involved in the integration of T-DNA (Ti plasmid). By replacing the Ti plasmid that causes the infection we can solve the tumor problem in the plant. The first transgenic cotton was obtained by this method. Why genetically modified foods are necessary for genetically engineered crops. Such plants have been modified in the laboratory to improve many desired characteristics such as disease resistance or to improve nutritional value. Genetic engineering helps to quickly create such plants with the exact characteristics of desire. For example, with this technique, you isolate a gene that contains the drought tolerance trait and insert that gene into the different plant. The new plant will be genetically modified and drought tolerant. As the population increases, the demand for food also increases. So, with the help of genetically modified foods, we can increase the amount of food by using short but highly productive cultivated land. Why was the food deficient in many essential nutrients (vitamins, minerals), for example vitamin A deficiency caused many diseases such as (liver disorders, eye disorders)? Not only can we transfer the gene from one plant to another, but we can transfer the gene from a non-plant to plants. The best example is Bt cotton where we take the gene from the bacterial species Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and transfer it into plants like corn, cotton, etc. Benefits of Genetically Modified Foods Pest Resistance Farmer uses chemical pesticides in large quantities which cause many fetal diseases. Consumer never like to eat such dangerous food which shows dangerous health results. Excessive use of these pesticides and fertilizers causes water toxicity. Thanks to genetic engineering, genetically modified foods such as B. t. are grown. (Bacillus thuringiensis) can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides. It is a naturally occurring bacterium that causes the death of insect larvae by producing certain types of proteins. The gene for this protein was transferred into the crop which becomes resistant to pests. Herbicide tolerance Crop plants are genetically predisposed to herbicides that damage and reduce the number of crops. For example, the Roundup product was genetically modified by Monsanto. A 2010 study found that the roundup formulation causes metabolic disruption in leporinus obtussidens due to long-term exposure. Thus, by producing herbicide-tolerant crops, you reduce production costs and limit the dangerous application of grain-killing pesticides. Disease Resistance There are many microorganisms such as (viruses, fungi and bacteria) that cause plant diseases. With the help of genetic engineering, we are trying to create plants that carry the gene that shows tolerance againstthe above microorganisms. Cold hardinessDue to the cold temperature, the yield of many crops is reduced. Using the genes of cold-water fish and introducing them into plants such as tobacco and potatoes. Thanks to these genes, plants become resistant to cold. Virus resistance Due to virus attack on crops, crop production is reduced. Therefore, genetically modified crops are produced differently to increase production and prevent virus attack. The RNA-mediated gene silencing technique is used to degrade viral RNA and inactivate viral DNA by methylation. Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the world's population increases, so does the need for food. Therefore the farmer will grow more crops even in those places where the soil is saline or dry. So we are trying to grow drought- and salinity-tolerant plants that can withstand a long period of drought or high salt content in the soil. Nowadays, GM tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are produced which tolerate drought and salinity and provide rapid growth and cooling. Nutrition Malnutrition is common in third world countries that depend on a single crop such as rice. Only rice does not contain all kinds of nutrients (vitamin A deficiency). Deficiency of this vitamin causes blindness, a major problem in third world countries. If we prepare a rice crop that contains additional vitamins and minerals, the problem of malnutrition can be solved. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute for Plant Science have created golden rice which contains a high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A). This way we can solve the problem of malnutrition in other food crops. A human being needs many micro and macronutrient elements for the body's activity. Deficiency of even one nutrient can cause numerous diseases (diseases, poor health, immune deficiency in children). Some essential nutrients are present in proteins (histidine, lysine, valine and methionine) in lipids (linoleic acid and linolenic acid) in macroelements (Na, k, Ca, Mg, S, P and Cl) in microelements (Fe, Zn , Mg, As, etc.) in vitamins (A, D, E, K, C, B1, B2, B3, Niacin, etc.). Genetic engineering is used to improve all these nutrients in a crop. Pharmaceutical Vaccines are used for the prevention of many infectious diseases. There are many problems in the production, distribution and delivery of the vaccine. To solve all these problems, scientists have produced a type of vaccine called edible vaccine. A food that contains healthy additives called a functional food. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in fruits such as tomatoes and bananas. These edible vaccines are easy to administer compared to other injectable vaccines.PhytoremediationMany heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn), mainly produced by human activities, cause the death of plants and essential microorganisms in soil. There are many plants (alpha) that grow naturally that eliminate these heavy metals. With the help of genetic engineering, researchers are trying to engineer plants for use in bioremediation (removal of contaminants using living organisms), such as poplar. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms GMOs are Inherently Dangerous There are several reasons that demonstrate that GM plants contain unique dangers. The first is that genetically modified foods are prepared by altering genes. This can create mutations in and around the insertion site. The genetic material in soy that makes it tolerant to herbicides turns into gut bacteriahumans and continues the feature showing that consuming GM crops causes foreign GM proteins to express themselves within our gut. GM diet shows toxic reaction in digestive tract The first crop submitted to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) on a voluntary basis, flavrSavr tomato shows signs of toxin. Of 20 female rats fed GM tomatoes, seven developed stomach lesions. The type of stomach injury linked to tomatoes can lead to life-threatening bleeding in a person who uses aspirin to prevent blood clotting. GMO diet causes liver damage Rats fed GMO potatoes had smaller and partially atrophied livers. Rats show liver lesions and other signs of toxicity when fed GM corn. Animals fed GM feed had higher rates of death and organ damage. Mice fed ready-to-eat soy produced significantly fewer digestive enzymes. In rats fed genetically modified potatoes, the pancreases were enlarged. Animals fed GMO show injury, toxicity, altered enzyme production, or inflammation. GM crops trigger an immune reaction and can cause allergies. Allergic reactions produced when a foreign particle is detected and interpreted by the immune system. All genetically modified foods by their definition contain foreign particles that are inserted into the genome. They then cause allergic reactions when they enter the body. Genetically modified peas provoked an inflammatory response in mice proving that they can cause a deadly allergic reaction in people. Scientists discovered that the new protein contained in GM soybeans was able to bind to IgE antibodies and cause many dangerous allergic reactions. Bt toxins produced by GM crops are showing a much more dangerous toxic reaction than the natural ones. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Conclusion GM foods cause beneficial but also harmful effects on the organism environment. But everyone, in some way, uses genetically modified foods in their lives. It is more preferred because it helps satisfy the huge population of the world with healthy and nutritional foods. So it has mastered its harmful effects and is used all over the world. It affects humans more beneficially than harmfully, so we try to produce more genetically modified foods to increase the desired characteristics in the food using a genetic alteration mechanism. There are several laws that allow the safe and healthy use of GM foods and limit their harmful effects on the environment. References Agnello AC, Bagard M, Hullebusch ED Van, et al (1916) The shower of Perseid meteors. 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