IndexVictim Precipitation: Von Hentig's 13 Victim CategoriesVictim Facilitation: Reasons Why Someone Became a VictimVictim Provocation: A "Green" Light for the AggressorConclusionReferencesWhen we name or we refer to someone as a victim will define that person as a person who has suffered harm in different aspects directly from the perpetrator, such as physical or emotional harm and property damage or even the person will experience serious problems involving the economy due to the crime. In these crimes, the only victim will be the person against whom the crime was committed, so society as a whole will not be harmed. When a crime is committed directly on the person, it will bring with it several consequences such as fear, anxiety, anger and guilt. In some cases it is also described that the victim contributes to the construction of the crime committed against him by the offender. This occurs when the victim has committed a wrongful act against them by the offender, therefore the offender will profit from that act to victimize the person because of the act committed. Due to this fact, one might find theories that will better explain how a victim can act as a helping hand to the offender. Theories such as victim precipitation, facilitation, and provocation are explored in this essay. These theories describe more the concepts of how a victim contributes to the construction of the crime. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Victim Precipitation: Von Hentig's 13 Categories of Victims Victim precipitation is defined as a theory that analyzes how and when a victim's interaction with an offender can lead to a crime being committed. The crimes that will most likely occur will be murder, rape, assault, and robbery. It is the theory that was introduced and developed by Martin Wolfgang in the 20th century in his artistic writings; Precipitated criminal homicide by the victim. Wolfgang explains how in many crimes, the victim is the primary collaborator in the criminal act, meaning that the victim could be a major precipitating cause of his or her own death. In his article, Wolfgang explained what the term victim precipitation I used was, especially in those crimes in which the victim is a direct and positive precipitator in the crime. This shows that a victim must have been the first person to use physical force against the offender, so the victim must be the first to react. Another criminology professor who has written about victim precipitation is. Menachem Amir in his article, Victim Induced Forced Rape. His definition of precipitation is "rapid and hasty action", he describes this behavior as differentiating it from "provocation" and outright "seduction". Since his main topic was forcible rape, his theoretical definition of victim precipitation in that context is that in specific circumstances, the way the victim behaves is interpreted by the perpetrator either as a direct invitation to sexual intercourse or as a sign of his availability for sexual intercourse. contact, therefore the victim's behavior may consist of an act of "commission" or "omission". In the book The Criminal and His Victims, written by criminologist Hans Von Henting, gives the idea that crime is an energetic social connection in which both the victim and perpetrator play their part in the final outcome. In numerous criminal activities, crimes cannot be understoodexclusively as encounters in which only one person, the perpetrator, was actively involved. Part of a statement written by Von Hentig is: “I argue that many criminal acts are more indicative of a subject-object relationship than of the perpetrator alone. There is a kind of definite reciprocity..” In this statement, Von Hentig states that when choosing who is to blame and who should take it it is not quite as clear as the law wants people to believe. He insisted that the victim carry out his criminal victimization. From here, Von Hentig describes his views on victim precipitation, which states that victims engage in behavior that will automatically influence the outcomes of victimology events, which could lead to their victimization. He argued that crime victims could be listed in one of 13 categories based on their propensity for victimization. Young people are the first category, to which Von Hentig was referring to infants and children who are physically weak, have fewer mental abilities, those who have few legal rights, and those who are financially dependent on caregivers, such as parents and guardians. These children who fall into this category are also at high risk of being harmed by adults from whom they are unable to defend themselves from such abuse and are even less likely that when they seek assistance, they will be believed. Children and infants included in this category are those who experience emotional, physical and sexual abuse at home by their parents who are often under the influence of drugs or alcohol, those who experience bullying at school which may occur due to their appearance or personality and those who their parents forced them into prostitution. These children unfortunately suffer from different levels and types of damage that will affect them in their lives. The second category is the female one, where Von Henting referred to all women. She explained that women are weaker than men in physical and cultural terms. condition for accepting male authority. Many women are very dependent on men when it comes to finances, such as husbands and fathers. Situations for women have become more problematic for Western women as they believe that the value of a feminine system is associated with their sexuality and body. In many cases, these could lead to problems such as depression, drug abuse and even prostitution caused by low self-esteem. The third category is the Old, which refers to those who are vulnerable, such as children. These elderly people may be left in the care of someone else due to their physical weakness. These problems can lead to damage, especially theft of their property. Von Hentig explains how these seniors may have greater access to money and have poor memories which could lead them to be vulnerable to confidence scams and also because they have a sense of pride, they may not report any losses. The fourth category, Von Hentig defines as the mentally defective and the deranged, referring to the "feeble-minded", alcoholics and drug addicts. These people who suffer from any type of these conditions have a different perception of reality. Due to their surroundings, personality and level of disorder, they could easily harm themselves. The fifth category is immigrants, those foreigners who find the culture they are part of strange. Anyone who travels to another culture finds it difficult to adapt and communicate. This will expose them to various trust schemes, abuse and theft. Von Hentig refers to minorities as “racial disadvantages.” Those who are against a certain amount of prejudice from others might bevulnerable to varying levels of abuse and violence. who are mentally defective. Those who have various psychological illnesses, Von Hentig labels as depressed. These people can expose themselves to different types of danger and intentions. These people may need psychotropic medications that change precipitation, impairing reasoning, and affecting judgment. Those people who are called greedy and want to get things instantly, as described as The Acquisitive. To achieve their goals, these people may disrupt their judgment or intentions by putting themselves in dangerous situations. The tenth category is The Wanton. Von Hentig was referring to the promiscuity of people. These people are those who take part in indiscriminate sexual activities with many different people, which will expose them to different levels of disease and different personalities. While some of these partners might be healthy and helpful, others might be narcissistic, envious, and destructive. Those who are widows or widowers and those who are grieving are described as lonely or heartbroken. Von Hentig explains how loneliness has reached epidemic proportions as a good percentage of marriages end in divorce. This section is not just applicable to those who are grieving, those who are lonely or heartbroken are also vulnerable to abuse and may even be manipulated and violent. When a parent abuses family members, Von Hentig labels these types of people as The Tormentor. . When they abuse those around them, they will be exposed to the harm they themselves have created and how the victim will react. For example, when a mother punches one of her children because he is drunk, he may end up hurting his hand. The final category described by Von Hentig identifies victims as Blocked, Exempt or Combatant. He describes them as victims of blackmail or scams. Over time, victims may still be exposed to ongoing financial crises or even physical harm. These victims may also face consequences when they report and involve the police in the case, so normally victims prefer to skip the police and do not report their experience. Victim Facilitation: Reasons Why Someone Became a Victim When talking about victim facilitation, one might note that it is very similar to victim facilitation. Victim facilitation occurs when the person is victimized by choice, which occurs without knowing it and without any intention, making it easier for the offender to commit a crime against them. Like Karmen. That said, this means that the victim could act as a catalyst that will increase the chance of victimization. Something that facilitation is different from the previous theory is that facilitation helps us understand why a person is a victim of the offender, although it does not indicate who is at fault and responsible for the crime. As an example of this theory, when a woman is beaten by her husband, it could be considered her choice. She is described this way because she always has the opportunity or choice to leave her husband, but the victim is unlikely to realize the choice that might be made. The victim facilitation theory was also introduced by Marvin Wolfgang. This theory allows us to analyze the action that makes the victim vulnerable to being the victim of a crime. A. Karmen in 2010 stated that "Victim facilitation should be reserved for situations in which victims carelessly and inadvertently make it easier for a thief to steal." Inattention and lack of attention better enable the offender to commit the crime against the victims who are at faultshared between both parties. HJ Schneider, in his article, explains how victim facilitation is a model that explains the offender's misinterpretation of the victim's behavior. He continues to say that this theory is based on the “theory of a symbolic interaction” and even this will not reduce the responsibility that the perpetrator must shoulder. Eric Hickey, a prominent serial killer analyst, during his studies labeled victims as high, low or mixed, depending on the facilitation of the murder. Mainly the categorization was established based on lifestyle risk, type of employment and location where the crime occurred. Hickery concluded that 13% - 15% of victims had low facilitation while a combination of low and high was estimated at 23% - 25%. It also said that among killers, one in five victims were at greater risk of working as a prostitute or engaging in sex work when in contact with unknown people. In relation to the facilitation of victims, Dr. M. Godwin discussed the social network of victims and for this compares them with each other. The theory concerns the places where victims are most vulnerable for the serial killer. Victim provocation: a green light for the aggressor “Victim provocation means that the loser is more responsible than the winner for the ensuing confrontation,” is how Andrew Karmen described the concept of victim provocation in his book. Victim provocation occurs when a person does something that encourages another person to achieve illegally. This explains that if there had not been illegal or incorrect behavior on the part of the victim, it is likely that the crime would not have been committed, therefore blame is placed on the victim, which in reality will not be attributed to the perpetrator. When a victim provokes while a crime is being committed against her, the victim may lose self-control, which will ultimately make her less morally culpable than if the act against her was already planned. An example of this theory is when a man tries to attack another man who was walking home and the man tries to rob the victim, eventually the victim resists the robbery, pulls out a gun and shoots the perpetrator. Martin Wolfgang also mentioned victim provocation in his diary, during the study he did in Philadelphia in 1958 on the murders, he deduced from police records that between 1948 and 1952 the concept of victim provocation was controversial to criminological thinking. It concluded that in 26% of criminal homicides, the victim actually confronted the offender verbally or with physical force. In his diary Wolfgang explained how the law on homicide recognizes the provocation of the victim as a valid reason to reduce the crime from murder to homicide or from criminal to homicide with pretext. Wolfgang described four prerequisites for the reduction to occur, which are cited: there must have been an adequate provocation; the murder must have occurred in the heat of passion, the murder must have followed provocation before there was a reasonable opportunity for the passion to cool; casual connection must exist between provocation, heat of passion and homicidal act. In an article on the concepts of this theory, Narayan and Von Hiresch describe the 3 concepts of provocation which are Thwarted Will, Provocation as a Partial Excuse, and Violent Women and Men. They show the difference between the moral and psychological assumptions that these three concepts have. In the theory of "altered will", the authors began by explaining the two main requirements of this theory, the first explains that an act must be performed exactly after the provoked behavior of the victim and the, 5(4), 497-538.