IndexIntroductionStatistical ComparisonLexisSyntaxDiscourseConclusionIntroductionThe main reason why I chose this text is because I believe that there are enough materials to talk about in this article. As stated by Brook (2012), translation has always been about the texts themselves as well as the issues involved in translating them into a target language. Therefore, in this essay I will discuss the problems I encountered during the translation process from Malay to English where Azmi et al, (2016) state that as the world's languages ​​evolve with the passage of time, each language has the its possess unique structures that make them distinct from each other. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay The article I chose is titled “Four PPPBD members left for Singapore” and was written on August 30, 2018 by author Salawati Haji Yahya. The ability to make a correct translation is a vital skill for translators, therefore, for this essay I have decided to translate it freely, depending on the context, since the audience I am addressing is the public residing in Brunei Darussalam. Statistical Comparison Data for both Malay and English texts were analyzed on Microsoft Excel. There are three parts to the statistical comparison. First of all there is the analysis of the length of the words: according to my calculations the average length of the words in Malay is 6.22 while in English it is 5.33. From these numbers alone you can see that Malay words are slightly longer than English words. To further explain the statement made, the graph in Figure (1) shows that Malay has more five-letter words, 58 words in total, than English, most of the words in this category are prepositions like 'dalam' and 'untuk' as well as nouns, some of them are "Pandu" and the acronym of the name "PPPBD". While for English they have more three-letter words, for a total of 64 words, which are mostly determiners "the" and connectors "and". The difference in word length between the two languages ​​turns out to be significantly different with values ​​(p= 0.000064, df= 648, t= 4.02). With this, the results show that Malay has more words than English. Secondly come the statistics for analyzing sentences. There are fewer paragraphs in the Malay text than in the English text, however, the average sentence length in English is 26.2 while in Malay it is 28.4. You may notice a difference in values ​​between the two because English texts tend to be more subdivided as they require subordinate conjunctions to link sentences together. Despite the difference, according to my calculations there is no significant difference for the length of the sentences (p = 0.43, df = 22, t = 0.81). This may be because English has only two more sentences than Malay. Finally, the analysis of three-letter words. From my calculations, there are only 28 three-letter words for Malay while English has more than Malay with 64 three-letter words. For both languages ​​the three-character words are mostly connectors, but even so English has more connectors in the text than Malay. According to his percentages, 9.0% of Malay text consists of three-letter words while 18.9% of three-letter words cover English text.LexisThe prefixed title for a woman's name in Malay, 'Dayang ' is generally used as a label for women. It is usually applied during formal situations such as newspaper articles, radio programs, ceremonies, and so on. In this case, an English equivalent for "Dayang" is Miss or Ms. This is because "Dayang" is considered a personsuperior since it can be used for both an unmarried woman and a married woman. In the English translation I kept the title as I think it fits the text better as I wouldn't want to assume whether the woman got married or not. Similar to "Dayang", the name "Hajah" is given to people who have successfully performed their Hajjpilgrimage and is given specifically to women. Also, this label does not have an English equivalent so there may be misunderstandings in the translation such as those who do not know the meaning behind the title "Hajah" where the reader may assume that it is that person's name as it comes before the name, so it is reasonable leave it as it is. As for 'binti', it doesn't seem right to translate it as 'daughter of' so it's better to keep it as it is for the translation. In the Malay article there is also an acronym for an organization which is written as PPPBD, which is the Malay acronym for World Wide Organization for Girl Guides. The problem here is that if I were to preserve the Malay acronym there is a possibility that the public would not understand it. Even if you changed it to WWOGG, the reader wouldn't understand what the acronym means unless an explanation was given first. In the end I decided to keep it as is as I believe the readers interested in the article would be those interested in Girl Guides and therefore know the lingo. Another title that has raised an issue is "Dayangku", as explained earlier in this paragraph 'Dayang' is a label generally used for women but for 'Dayangku' despite the word 'Dayang' being embedded in it, the affix –ku changes its meaning. The name "Dayangku" is given to daughters of noble families who are considered distant relatives of the royal family, and unlike Dayang, it has no English equivalent, so the title is retained as it is. Another problem would be the word Pandu Puteri. If it were to be translated literally it would be Drive Princess or Guide Princess but there is an English term for it which is Girl Guides or Girl Scouts. The Malay phrase for girl guides, Pandu Puteri, is contradictory to what they are doing as activities for girl guides are usually conducted hands-on but princesses, as we know them, don't do that, so it's quite confusing why Malay calls them Princesses.SyntaxPronounsNot many pronouns have been used for this article. Only three pronouns were seen. The first is the suffix -nya in the word "Jelasnya". Jelasnya in this context is translated as "She explained". I used "She" because it indicates the subject mentioned before who is a woman. Another reason I chose to use "She" instead of "He" is because the article only talks about Girl Guides and their respective organizations, so it's safe to assume that all parties involved are from the female population. The second pronoun used is 'Ia'. “Ia” in this article refers to the competition held in Singapore. This might be the effort made by the author to avoid lexical repetitions hence the use of pronouns unlike the pronoun mentioned before, but in the English translation there is no use of pronouns as it is translated as 'The Competition'. Finally, 'mereka' is another pronoun found. 'Mereka' refers to the members of the organization although the article is mainly focused on the associates the use of 'mereka' could be another attempt made by the author to not be perceived as repetitive or the use of pronouns is much less difficult to continually mention the name of the topic. Plurals There are differences in plurality between English and Malay. Regarding the first, to change the singular nouns into a plural form is by adding the '-s' at the end example are cats while for the second language, we do not addthe '-s' to turn them into a plural form, rather, using the term "banyak". In the first paragraph instead of using 'banyak' there is a number indicating that the noun is plural. 'Empat orang ahli' translates to 'four members' but in Malay 'Ahli' denotes only one member while 'Ahli-ahli' means members, so naturally the quantifier before 'empat', meaning four, provides further context which there are four members representing the country and thus it indicates that Ahli is a plural noun in English. Besides that, there are multiple numbers of the article where the author does not use duplicative words. In Malay, duplicative words are used as plural words but there are cases where they are not used, for example Fakta. Fakta in the third to last paragraph when translated into English is a plural noun, Facts. It is appropriate to translate it as such due to the context in which Girl Scouts had to be tested on facts regarding Guides and/or Girl Scouts. Next, “Wakil negara” means Representatives of the country, without the anaphoric reference “Empat orang ahli” the reader would only think that there is only one member representing Brunei since “Wakil” means Representative. Verb Tenses In general, difficulties have been faced, particularly in terms of tense, when translating from Malay to the target language as in Malay there is no change towards the root of the verb as we use another term to show what happened in the past , in the present or in the future. For translations from English to Malay, time reference is considered a problem as it may cause vague definitions after translation. For this translation, I decided to use both the past and present tense despite the publication date of the writing since the contest mentioned did not occur at the time of writing this article. All in all, the concept of tense is different for each language. In English there are two verb tenses, the past and the present and whose words are usually morphologically marked with -ed and -s respectively, as also explained in Azmi et al. ., (2016) research in which they state that the verb tense is different in English as usual, to show a past tense the suffix '-ed' is added. As for Malay, tenses are determined by the use of suffixes or prefixes. Azmi et al., (2016) shows that the use of prefixes and suffixes is different in Malay and English due to the meaning of a base verb prefixed in Malay means the opposite when it is prefixed in English. For example, 'Menjelaskan', 'jelas' is the base word to explain while the suffixes Men- and kan- change the tense of the word to: Explained while if translated literally 'jelas' means 'clear' but when the suffix ' is added ing- becomes 'clear' which can denote a large, empty field or the verb "to clear" things. Furthermore, the verb 'left' was translated from 'Berlepas' where the prefix Ber- provides the indication that the action has already happened before. Not only are there time markers that point to the future, but there are some that help indicate an action that occurred in the past. According to Young (2001), 'sudah', 'pernah' and 'telah' function as aspect verbs of an action completed during the period of expression in Malay. An example can be seen in the text, "Telah melakukan" means "They did". 'Telah' here indicates that the previous verb happened in the past tense. In addition to the indicators of the past there are also indicators of the time for the future which are "akan". Similar cases can be found throughout the article such as "Menjadikan", where "jadi" is the base form meaning: Become, but in this example the word preceding 'Menjadikan' is 'akan' which acts as an aspect verb to convey the meaning that will happen in the future, so 'Menjadikan' is translated as:'Will' Articles In English grammar, there are two types of determiners which must always precede a countable noun which is the definite and indefinite article 'a, an and also the'. While for the Malay language articles are non-existent, in the English translation there were some cases where I had to add articles. For example, "Di Lapangan Terbang" was translated to "At the airport", the article was added here to indicate the specific reference, Brunei International Airport, as the reader may know that there is only one international airport in Brunei. Passives Passive words work differently in Malay, where Razak, Jin, Woan, and Aziz (2016) state that the most frequently encountered passive is the prefix di-, which is commonly found in standard Malay, but obviously not all cases are such. In the English language, a passive voice is used when the user wants to know what happened and who caused or caused it. There were a number of passive words in the text which can be seen quite plainly when translating, but some raised some issues and so I had to make a decision once again to decide which one was best to use in my English translation. An example of the easy ones to translate is "Diketuai", according to the context of the article the event is still ongoing so "Diketuai" is translated as "It is conducted". Another would be "Dianjurkan". The situation is the same as "diketuai", so it is translated as "is held back". One of the problems I faced was the word "Ditetapkan". 'Ditetapkan' made me review my options as, if it were to be translated literally, it would mean 'chosen'. The sentence containing this word is the following: "tema yang ditetapkan". My issue here is whether the theme was chosen in advance and the contestants were informed about it or the themes had to be chosen during the competition. Therefore, to avoid confusion, I have chosen to translate it as "a chosen theme".SpeechWord orderWord order differs for each language. For example, in English there is a Subject Verb Object word order in which the subject precedes the verb, which precedes the object. According to Deterding (2018), English is not a final weight language, so it was put 'Today' at the beginning of the sentence which is different from the Malay text as the author decided to put it in the middle of the sentence where Deterding (2018) further explains that Malay adverbials for time are commonly found at the end. Not only for adverbials, the difference in word order also occurs in noun phrases such as "Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Brunei" was rearranged and translated to "Brunei International Airport" and "Khemah Christine" to "Camp Christine". Also, adjectives in English always drop a noun since the function of adjectives is to describe the noun that precedes it but for Malay it is quite different. In a research done by Chiew (1999) he explains that the Malay language makes use of other words such as suffixes to indicate that a certain word is an adjective or simply to preserve the root of the word and let the other words in the sentence explain its function as an adjective. An example of this is "Pertandingan berpasukan", which translated into English is "Group Competition". The group here describes the nature of the competition which must be carried out by teams of more than one person. Another example is the noun phrase “Responsible residents of Brunei and the world.” Responsible here, once again, serves as an adjective that describes the personality of the residents as responsible. The initial text is as follows, "warganegara Brunei dan dunia yang bertanggungjawab" where the word "yang" here serves as an indicator that "bertanggungjawab" is an adjective. Lexical repetition La.