Element 1: Recognition, evaluation and control of hazards. To establish and maintain safety and health conditions it was necessary to identify risks, evaluate their potential effects, develop ways to eliminate or control them and plan priorities for action. This process is the essence of effective safety and health management. Element 2: Workplace Design and Engineering Health and safety issues are more easily encountered and economically addressed when structures, processes and equipment are designed. Organizations must incorporate safety into design, manufacturing processes and workplace selection. They must also evaluate and modify or replace existing processes, equipment and facilities to make them safer. We explore how workplace design and operation can integrate health and safety objectives, minimize risk exposure and promote safe practices. Element 3: Safety Performance Management As in all operational areas, standards for safety performance need to be established. They should reflect applicable regulatory requirements, additional voluntary guidance and best business practices. We describe how managers, supervisors, and employees can be empowered and held accountable for meeting the standards under their control. Let's examine how job performance ratings can reflect performance in safety and health, as well as other areas. Element 4: Regulatory Compliance Management The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), and state safety and health agencies establish and enforce safety and health regulations. Other agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, also make and enforce safety and health regulations in the United States. We discuss key aspects of international regulations in the European Union, Canada and Mexico. Staying informed and complying with regulations are essential goals of safety and health programs. Let's also briefly consider how to conduct regulatory compliance inspections. Element 5: Occupational Health Occupational health programs range from simple to complex. At a minimum, such programs address the immediate needs of injured or ill employees by providing first aid and emergency response. More elaborate medical services may include medical surveillance programs and the availability of in-house medical facilities. Additionally, some companies are starting to focus on safety and health outside the workplace through employee wellness and similar programs. ELEMENT 6: Information collection Safety and health activities, including inspections, record keeping, industrial hygiene investigations and other occupational health assessments, injury/illness/accident investigations and performance reviews produce a large amount of data. Safety and health professionals must collect and analyze this data. Small incidents often provide an early warning of more serious safety or health issues. Complete and accurate records can be used to identify hazards, measure performance and safety improvement, and, through analytics, help identify patterns. ELEMENT 7: Employee Involvement Design and engineering controls have a limited ability to reduce risk. Companies now understand that they are real