The Earth's ocean is as mysterious to humans as outer space. Hayden says only “5%” of Earth's waters have been explored, making the deep sea very interesting to scientists. The Mariana Trench is one of the most mysterious biomes on Earth due to its inability to be studied effectively due to its extreme depth and pressure. Kollipara says the pressure is “over 1000 times that at sea level”. The Challenger Deep, near the island of Guam, is the deepest known part of the Mariana Trench at a depth of more than 36,000 feet below sea level and was explored by the American vessel called The Trieste in 1960, by a Japanese probe in 1995, and by world-famous director James Cameron in 2012 (“The Mariana Trench”). The Mariana Trench as a whole measures 2500 km long and 70 km long. The Mariana Trench is a subduction zone where the static Mariana tectonic plate forces the colliding Pacific tectonic plate down, dragging rocks and other minerals beneath the Earth's crust (Kaplan). The Mariana Trench is so deep that ocean currents do not affect its producing microorganisms. It has been evolutionarily isolated, thus making it of great interest to biologists, geologists and evolutionary scientists (Kaplan). A mathematically derived equation estimates that one-third of all prokaryotic life on Earth is contained in deep-sea trenches around the world. These extremophiles, thanks to the ability to live at high pressure and high temperature near hydrothermal vents, are important for the possibilities of curing diseases or even understanding life on other planets (Mayer). Hydrothermal vent organisms, however, are very difficult for scientists to study due to several factors. First, any light or movement disturbs the study organisms. The... center of the paper... fish until the sharks, albeit at a greater depth, end up completing the food chain. This is the opposite of life in ecosystems above sea level, where the sun generates the initial energy from above; the energy of the Mariana Trench starts from the extreme depths of the Earth's underwater crust and travels towards the shallower parts of the ocean (Bosveld). The importance of the Mariana Trench is one of the most important and unknown biomes on the planet. Former President George W. Bush also proclaimed the establishment of a marine national monument in the Mariana Trench. Bush noted the great exploration opportunities as the vents produce pure liquid CO2 and its large unexplored size of 940 nautical miles long and 38 nautical miles wide. His proclamation allows for the environmental protection of certain areas and grants funds for exploration and scientific research (Bush).