According to Viren Swami, professor at the University of Westminster, "animal experimentation, or animal research, refers to the use of animals in experiments within academic, research institutions or commercial" (Christopher, 269). It seems simple enough, but Swami does not mention the effects of these tests on animals or why this is such a controversial issue among the public. MJ Prescott, of the National Center for Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Research, makes the point very well when he states that: Many people, even within the scientific community, believe that the use of NHP [non-primate humans] in research is a matter of particular ethical concern because some characteristics that NHPs share with humans, such as their highly developed nervous systems, cognitive complexity, and intense sociality, have implications for the level or nature of suffering that they might experience during experiments and are therefore morally relevant. (14)The close relationship between NHPs and humans is one of the reasons why so many people are concerned about the use of NHPs in medical research. Based on Darwin's theory of evolution, many people believe that humans evolved from primates, which would make them the closest relatives of humans. This close relationship makes NHPs the best option for getting the most accurate results from a medical experiment, but it also makes them the animals that most humans sympathize with. Using any type of animal for medical research is wrong because it is wrong to inflict pain or cause premature death on an animal, there has been a significant increase in the number of NHPs in research and there is no way for animals to provide consent information for use in medical research.One of...... half of the document......: 269+. Academic OneFile. Network. April 3, 2012. Prescott, M. J. “Ethics of the Use of Primates.” Advances in Science and Research 5.(2010): 11-22.Academic research completed. Network. April 3, 2012. Singh, Jatinder. “The National Center for Animal Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Research.” Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy 3.1 (2012):87-89. Academic research completed. Network. April 3, 2012.Tremayne-Lloyd, Tracey and Gary Srebrolow. “Research Ethical Approval for Human and Animal Experimentation: Consequences of Failure to Obtain Approval, Including Legal and Professional Liability.” Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association51.1 (2007): 56-60. Academic research completed. Network. April 3, 2012.Westly, Erica. “Animal rights activists try more creative legal tactic.” Nature Medicine16.5 (2010): 501. Academic research completed. Network. April 3. 2012.