111). This type of environment rarely occurs in the civilian sector and eliminates almost all civilian leaders from the comparison. The argument that crisis management resembles in extremis is a given as crisis leadership focuses on the leader's reaction to extreme challenges or circumstances without warning. The premise of crisis leadership is grounded in military history and incorporates lessons learned in difficult situations. Kolditz clearly identifies that the main difference between the two climates is that those in extremis leadership roles put themselves in the situation on a voluntary basis. High-risk civilian professionals such as law enforcement, paratroopers, and mountain guides are among the few who display leadership qualities at the last minute (Crandall, 2007, p..