CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The literature review involves researching what others have written in the subject area of ​​construction waste management. The insights and background knowledge obtained from the literature review were used to bring something new to the topic area.2.2. Sources and causes of waste from road construction Waste refers to the unnecessary depletion of natural resources, unnecessary costs and environmental damage that can be avoided through better waste ethics. The Waste Framework Directive (European Directive 2006/12/EC) has defined waste as “any substance or object which the holder discards, intends to discard or is obliged to discard”. Once a material falls within this definition it is considered waste until it is completely recovered and no longer poses a threat to the environment and human health. The Building Research establishment (1981 cited in Ekanayake and Ofori 2004) also defined waste as “any material other than earthy materials, which needs to be transported elsewhere from the construction site other than the specific intended purpose of the project due to damage, excess or which does not may be used due to failure to meet specifications or is a by-product of the construction process.” However, Formoso et al. (1999 cited in Yara and Boussabaine 2006), defined waste as “any loss produced by activities that generate direct or indirect costs but add no value to the product from the customer's point of view”. According to Chen et al (2002), construction waste can be narrowly defined as construction and demolition debris. Specifically, construction waste refers to solid waste not containing liquids and hazardous substances, largely inert waste, resulting from the process...... middle of paper....... The main goal of continuous improvements is to influence the mentality and achieve improvements in techniques. In this case, everyone contributes and receives training in the appropriate skills; responsible for their own efforts, areas and progress of their teams and employees will continually suggest improvements to meet improvements in quality, cost and delivery objectives. The key idea of ​​continuous improvement is to maintain and improve work standards through small, incremental improvements. 2.3.6 Re-EngineeringRe-engineering is the radical reconfiguration of processes and tasks, especially with respect to the implementation of information technology. The key issue in reengineering is to recognize and break with obsolete rules and fundamental assumptions in order to establish a radical change in processes and improvement activities.