Book review: Heaven and Power by Robert Kagan - America and Europe in the new world order Robert Kagan's book "Heaven and Power" was a breakthrough in writing about the new world order, which developed especially during and after the Cold War. In the first part of this review, I will try to summarize the book, focusing on the difference between the worldview of America and Europe, and the historical reasoning behind the readjustment of the power balance between Europe and America. This includes analyzing the effects of World War II and the Cold War which led to American power being described as a "Hyperpower", a term coined by French Foreign Minister Hubert Védrine, to describe America's power, which transcended that of a 'Super Power' (Kagan 2003 p.43). After the summary I would like to focus on one aspect of Kagan's criticism, attempting to contrast it with a different vision. Secondly I would like to consider the actual definition of power that Europe has, compared to America. While Kagan argues that Europe is weak, its Kantian “perpetual peace” reliant on American military might, Ian Manners prefers to describe Europe's power as normative, showing how they have fundamental ideals that they seek to convey to other nations, to order to create a more peaceful world culture based on economic rather than military domination, on democracy and on fundamental respect for human rights. (Manners 2002) I will conclude by trying to determine whether a more docile approach to foreign policy equates to weakness, as Kagan suggested, or there is merit in pursuing diplomatic means. Paradise and Power paints a picture of America and Europe, living in two separate worlds when it comes to foreign policy. America is described as an ardent believer in “tough politics.” They believe that world power and politics are defined in militaristic terms. They have little patience for diplomacy and resort to force to quickly resolve international disputes. They also have a "black and white worldview" in that they see elements as "good or bad"; 'friend or foe'. . America is therefore said to live in a state of Hobbesian anarchy, where freedom can only be protected using brute force and force (Kagan 2003 p. 4). This was clearly represented in America's war against Iraq and the “Axis of Evil” that has dominated American foreign policy discourse ever since.. 9/11.