According to the Toronto Environmental Office, vehicles are responsible for 35% of all greenhouse gases (GHG) produced in Toronto (City of Toronto, 2011) , and the Clean Air Partnership estimates that idling in the GTHA wastes 90 million liters of fuel each year (ibid), further justifying the need to combat traffic jams and congestion with effective government policies. Air is a cross-border issue so no one jurisdiction, be it a municipality, province, country or continent, can completely control the air its residents breathe. Additionally, each has its own authority to maintain air quality for its residents, but cannot control air pollution from neighboring provinces and countries. Under the Constitution of Canada, the provinces have jurisdictional control over the air, which is considered a natural resource. Provinces have the power to delegate this responsibility to different municipalities and regional governments, but municipal governments have very limited powers to make substantive changes to aspects such as transboundary pollution. Looking at the GTHA, air pollution and traffic congestion problems in the City of Toronto are caused not only by its own residents but also by commuters from nearby municipalities and regions such as the City of Hamilton to the west and Durham Region to the east . Given that environmental problems are not always localized, Hay (1994) emphasizes the need for interstate measures (pp. 221-222). The author also argues that the state is the main factor preventing a response to the crisis (p. 217-218), or, in this case, a serious problem of congestion and air pollution, so residents must infl.... .at the heart of the document......the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2013/March_27/Reports/New_Business_Fine_fo.pdfLudwig, D., Hilborn, R., & Walters, C. (1993). Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Ecological applications, 3(4), 547-549. Ministry of Transport. (2013). Electric vehicle and charging incentive programs. Retrieved from http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicle/electric/electric-vehicles.shtml Moloney, P. (2010, April 26). One minute of downtime could cost you $125. The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2010/04/26/a_minutes_idle_could_cost_you_125.html Toronto Region Office of Commerce. (2013). A green light for moving the Toronto region: Pay for public transit expansion. Retrieved from http://letsbreakthegridlock.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/discussion_paper_march15.pdf