ASSIGNMENT no. 1In telecommunications, switching refers to the process in which digital electronics and computer control are used to connect telephone circuits for the purpose of making telephone calls. There are two types of switching1. Packet switching2. Circuit switching.Packet switching:What is packet?Packets are blocks or groups of data to be transmitted regardless of the structure and type of data.Methodology:In packet switching the data to be transmitted is divided into packets. In this switching the communication path is not dedicated to one part of the communication but one path or link is used by the packets of different parts. During transmission the packet finds the path to the destination. The paths for transmission are not defined by the source and are decided when the packet has reached a certain node. The packet contains the header that carries all the information about the IP addresses of the source and destination. With the help of this information the switches and routers in the paths decide which hops to use to reach the specific destination. Acknowledgment: If the switch does not find enough resources for the packet, it sends a message to the source that the connection is not possible and the connection is unsuccessful. Pros and Cons of Packet Switching: Packet switching is used as an alternative choice for circuit switching used in PSTN or ISDN to make or establish voice telephone call connections compared to circuit switching, packet switching has some advantages and disadvantages compared to circuit switching. Bandwidth efficiency: packet switching can use the overall network bandwidth more efficiently...... middle of paper...... communication part and the channel is dedicated to of the up part at the end of the communication. Wasted Bandwidth: During the silent period of communication, when users do not use bandwidth, this idle bandwidth cannot be used by other parties, thus this bandwidth is wasted. Blocking: If users or callers are present and no circuit is available to establish this new connection, the request to establish connections cannot be satisfied and this state is called blocking. No variable data: Circuit switching does not support the transmission of variable data rates and the transmission of data from different sources on a single channel or the same network path. Fixed Delays: In circuit switching the communication delays are fixed due to the dedicated paths between nodes.________________________________________