IntroductionParkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects the patient's motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson's disease was widely documented and brought to prominence by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). Although great strides have been made in understanding and treating, Parkinson's disease is still considered an idiopathic disease (Lau & Breteler, 2006). Many areas of the disease process have been noted, but none have been marked as the primary causal process, just as little has been established in diagnostic procedures for identifying Parkinson's disease in living patients. Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's, and affects 340,000 people in the United States (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, & Ronai, 2012). Pathophysiology The pathological process of Parkinson's disease is still unknown due to the difficulty of diagnosis. and the complexity of the neurological disorder. However, many pathological factors of Parkinson's have been identified.Basal gangliaThe support cells of the central neurological system are the ganglion cells, basal referring to their position at the base of the cerebral hemispheres (Obeso, Rodríguez-Oroz, Benitez-Temino, Blesa, Guridi , Marin and Rodriguez, 2008). Abnormalities of these cells are the most widely accepted, including the motor dysfunction found in Parkinson's patients. These basal ganglia cells are innervated via the dopaminergic system, as are their target sites such as the thalamus and bra...... middle of paper...... 2055.Obeso, JA, Rodríguez‐Oroz, M. C., Benitez-Temino, B., Blesa, F. J., Guridi, J., Marin, C., & Rodriguez, M. (2008). Functional organization of the basal ganglia: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 23(S3), S548-S559. doi:10.1002/mds.22062Wakabayashi, K., Tanji, K., Odagiri, S., Miki, Y., Mori, F., & Takahashi, H. (2013). The Lewy body in Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular Neurobiology, 47(2), 495. Meireles, J., and Massano, J. (2012). Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease: clinical features, diagnosis and management. Frontiers in Neurology, 3, 88.Benabid, A.L., Chabardes, S., Mitrofanis, J., & Pollak, P. (2009). Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol, 8(1), 67-81. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70291-6