a) 1. The characteristic of the Professional Services Firm (PSF) is “It's all about the customer”. In PSF, the customer is the reason for existence because customers are the dominant force. Everything is driven by customer service: vision, value and culture; infrastructure and governance; equity and remuneration; talent management; service development; branding, marketing and sales. You live or die in a PSF based on your ability to acquire, serve and retain customers. The organizational structures are extremely simple. Even the multibillion-dollar global professional services organizations we studied are essentially lean, flat organizations, with few leaders at the top and minimal administrative levels. In professional services, autonomy and entrepreneurship are encouraged and valued. Most professionals aspire to apply their skills and work with their clients, not to lead the organization. Too much bureaucracy drives them crazy. In fact, if the company's structure becomes too cumbersome and rigid, very often people simply ignore it or work around it. It's a question of work rather than money. Profit is not the primary driver of professional services. People typically enter the business because they truly enjoy what they do and have often spent many years studying and training to perfect their skills. They typically don't enter the industry to start their own company or build a gigantic business. They want to do what they've been learning for years, practice law, design and build a bridge, launch a global advertising campaign, or solve a complex business problem. Any technology that facilitates social interactions and is enabled by a communication capability, such as the Internet or a mobile device. Examples are social software (e.g., wikis, blogs, social networks... half of the paper...... the process of identifying, measuring and communicating financial information has been documented in the form of paper documents, columns of numbers and handwritten statements (“How technology,” n.d.) accountant had to be a very methodical and detail-oriented person Towards the end of the twentieth century the accounting profession began to take on a completely new aspect completely changed the industry. With programs like Microsoft Excel an accountant now had an electronic spreadsheet. The need to add machines, calculators, ledgers and pencils was eliminated accountants including basic bookkeeping, auditing and tax preparation were a thing of the past. With the use of computers an accountant can now perform accounting statistics or forecasts