Literature, as a crucial part of culture, functions as a reflection of reality. According to Marx, “the mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political, and spiritual processes of life” (Williams 266). The superstructure, as a product of men's spiritual processes, containing various ideological forms including literature, is not determined by the "consciousness of men", but by "social existence" (266). Even with regards to workers' literature, this rule is followed: "the entire class produces and shapes it starting from its material bases and the corresponding social conditions" (267). Therefore, working class literature is created on the contemporary status quo of the class which greatly influences its theme and content. Yet, according to Marxist theory, there is an interaction between culture and social organization. Warner points out that, although culture cannot go beyond social organization, its continuity is more evident in part because “it is easier to imagine the possibilities than to put them into practice”; “When a change in social organization is necessary, culture comes into opposition to the established standards of society… which have proven inadequate and uninspiring for further advancement into the future.” (270) Therefore, literature provides the working class with an approach to represent their ideal social organization, express opposing opinions against the unfair treatment inflicted on them in ideological form. As for the claim that literature offers working-class people a means to challenge their assigned place in society, even though literature can help influence reality by reflecting and opposing existing society... the focus of the paper. .. the ruling class authors have a different perspective and style to represent the working class, but both manage to play the role of opposition against the existing social hierarchy under which working class people are oppressed and mistreated, to speak to name of working class interest and arouse readers' concern about contemporary social conditions. Works Cited Gaskell, Elizabeth. Maria Barton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. PrintLloyd, David, and Paul Thomas. Culture and State. New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.MacGill, Patrick. Children of the dead end. Horsham: Caliban Books, 1982. Print.Watts, Ruth, “Education, Empire, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century England” Pedagogica Historica 45. 6 (2009): 773–786Williams, Raymond. Culture and society 1780-1950. London: Chatto & Windus, 1958. Parliament Website Print.UK. United Kingdom Parliament. Network. November 8. 2013