Because the malaria parasite exists in the human red blood cells that are part of the blood, it is possible for malaria to be transmitted from one person to another through organ transplantation , shared use of sharp objects that come into contact with blood such as knives, needles and syringes; it can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. An infected mother can also transmit malaria to her unborn baby during the birth (birth) process. The malaria transmitted in this case is called congenital malaria. Because malaria can only be transmitted through blood, a person cannot "attack" malaria to others simply by being near an infected person. You can kiss and hug a person infected with malaria without risk of infection, even if they have to cough or sneeze. (“Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute | Malaria Information,” p. 1-2). )According to the World Health Organization, there are up to 20 different locally known species of anopheles worldwide. All carrier species feed at night, but although all Anopheles mosquitoes require a stagnant body of water to breed it has its own particular reproductive preference; for example, some prefer small, shallow collections of fresh water, such as rice fields or the Oshana in southern Africa. We find that the transmission rate is more concentrated in areas where the parasite has the possibility of surviving longer (The parasite needs a long life so that it has sufficient time to replicate, mature and complete its growth within of the mosquito). The concentration of the infection is also higher in areas where the vector prefers to feed on humans rather than other animals. . For example, most published research suggests that Africa's resilient biting habit and long lifespan in humans...... middle of paper ......d red blood cells block blood flow in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross section of a sickle cell with abnormal hemoglobin (sickle) forming abnormal filaments. (Tidy, Newson, & Gronow, 2012, p. 1-9) Sickle cell anemia is a type of anemia. When a person has anemia, they have a higher than normal number of red blood cells. However, anemia can also occur if red blood cells have too little hemoglobin. Red blood cells are produced in the spongy marrow found within the body's largest bones. The bone marrow constantly produces new red blood cells to replace the destroyed ones. Normal red blood cells have a lifespan of 122 days. In addition to carrying and transporting oxygen, red blood cells also serve the purpose of removing waste products from the body, for example, red blood cells remove carbon dioxide. (Tidy, Newson, & Gronow, 2012, p. 1-9)