The Portland Cement Association (nd) stated that in its simplest form, a mixture of paste, stone, sand, and water is a concrete. Concrete is one of the fundamental building blocks of civilization, contributing to all structures around the world. Concrete can be viewed in detail in terms of constituent materials, properties, durability, concrete mix design and quality control. Constituent materials are the fundamental materials needed to produce concrete. The constituent materials of concrete are mainly made up of three materials which are cement, aggregate and water, with additives included which are addictive to alter the characteristics of concrete (Scalenghe et al., 2011). “Cement is the chemically active constituent but its reactivity is achieved only by mixing with water” (Dhir & Yap, 1984). According to Bye (1999), in industry, Portland cement, which was developed in 1824 using calcium carbonate present in limestone rocks, i.e. limestone or chalk, and silica, alumina and iron oxide present in sedimentary rock, i.e. clay or shale. Bye (1999) stated that cement is produced by grinding mined limestone into a powder, mixing it with water and heating with pulverized coal to remove the water at 100°C, the carbon dioxide at 800°C and the clinker at 1400° C, which is then cooled, ground and mixed with 1%-5% gypsum to alter its fineness and goes to final grinding and the cement is ready to be distributed to the market. According to Sismondo & Sergio (2009), aggregate, which constitutes the majority of the volume stability and durability of the resulting concrete and is lower in price than cement, is always used to the greatest extent possible in concrete production for maximum profit . Aggregates are...... center of paper......s.Portland Cement Association. (n.d.). Concrete base. Retrieved October 29, 2013, from http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_concretebasics.asp. Price, W. H. (1951) Factors affecting the strength of concrete, J. Amer. Conc. Inst., 47 (2), pp. 417-419. Rixom, M.R. (1978) Chemical admixtures for concrete. London, UK: Spon.Sadegzadeh, M. and Kettle, R.J. (1986) Indirect and non-destructive methods for evaluating the abrasion resistance of concrete, Mag. Conc. Res., 38 (137), pp. 183-186. Scalenghe, R., Malucelli, F., Ungaro, F., Perazzone, L., Filippi, N., Edwards, AC(2011). Influence of 150 years of land use on anthropogenic and natural carbon stocks in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). Environmental Science and Technology 45 (12), p. 5113. Sismondo & Sergio (2009). An introduction to science and technology studies (2nd ed.). Milton, Canada: John Wiley and Sons.